Air pollution DDI-KEN-APHRC-AIRPOLLUTION-2014-v01. African Population and Health Research Center 2020-10-05 Nesstar Publisher Version 1.0 (October 2020) Air Pollution and its effect on mortality and pregnancy outcomes in Nairobi’s slums na na DDI-KEN-APHRC-AIRPOLLUTION-2014-v01. African Population and Health Research Center Thaddaeus Egondi Kanyiva Muindi Copyright © APHRC, 2020 Nesstar Publisher African Population and Health Research Center Umea University Other Household Survey [hh/oth] na na Air pollution (both outdoor and indoor) is an important public health challenge especially in the developing world where legislation on emissions control is either weak or non-existent. With these countries preparing for industrial take off, outdoor air pollution will continue to remain important as it concerns the health consequences, owing to possibly higher levels of emissions. In these countries, majority of households rely on biomass derived fuels for cooking and heating that have been classified as highly polluting and have been shown to have deleterious effects on human health. Studies have documented the negative effects of both outdoor and indoor air pollution on health; however, there have been very few studies in Africa. The objectives of this study are to assess the perceptions and attitudes of people living in two informal settlements in Nairobi regarding their exposure to air pollution; estimate the effect of indoor air pollution on pregnancy outcomes and model the effect of air pollution on mortality in the two settlements. The study shall use mixed methods approach where a qualitative study will be done to look at the perceptions and attitudes of residents regarding air pollution. In addition to this, a panel study measuring levels of outdoor air pollutants shall be done. This will be done in such a way that seasonal variations are accounted for. To assess the effect of air pollution on pregnancy outcomes, a follow up study of pregnant women will be done and measurements of indoor air pollution levels will be done in their homes. The study is expected to take 12 months. KENYA Nairobi's slums (Korogocho and Viwandani) The households. Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women while outdoor air data was collected from various villages in each of the slum The qualitative study involved a total of eight focus group discussions with men and women living in Korogocho and Viwandani. In addition to this, outdoor air pollution was measured as panel data to ensure seasonal variations are accounted for. This part of the study involved assessment by the measurement team who were carrying the measuring equipment. The study on indoor air pollution and pregnancy outcomes was a prospective study of a cohort of pregnant women recruited during their first or early second trimester. They were followed up until they delivered and the birth weight of the newborn was taken. Measurement of indoor air pollution levels was done and other information on fuel and stove types used in the household collected. The study was nested on an ongoing intervention study following up 600 pregnant women and providing nutritional counseling pre- and post-pregnancy for optimal child health. na Face-to-face [f2f] na Data collection for the quantitative study was done electronically using netbooks. This removed the need for data entry and therefore once data had been collected, the investigators obtained it for cleaning and analysis using Stata software. Descriptive analysis and multivariable regression analysis was applied as appropriate. Qualitative data was transcribed by the investigators and coded and thematic analysis conducted using Nvivo software. na na na Director of Research na The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses. air_pollution_data.NSDstat The file contains indoor PM2.5 data 45153 23 Nesstar 200801 AFrican population and health research center (APHRC) na na Version(1.0) na Koch_gps_pm_activities.NSDstat This file contains outdoor PM2.5 data with GPS coordinates from Korogocho. 6076 10 Nesstar 200801 AFrican population and health research center (APHRC) na na Version(1.0) na Viwa_gps_pm_activities.NSDstat This file contains outdoor PM2.5 data with GPS coordinates from Viwandani. 2844 10 Nesstar 200801 AFrican population and health research center (APHRC) na na Version(1.0) na AIR POLLUTION GPS PM ACTIVITIES Id The recordings na na na na The households 45153 0 1 31091 12984.804 8627.39 Record ID Start_date The recordings na na na na The households 45153 0 The starting date for the recording. 1/6/2014 562 10/10/2014 523 10/6/2014 838 10/9/2014 534 11/10/2014 524 11/5/2014 455 11/6/2014 295 12/5/2014 561 12/6/2014 818 13/05/2014 669 13/06/2014 544 14/05/2014 492 14/06/2014 657 14/10/2014 594 15/05/2014 507 15/06/2014 589 15/10/2014 559 16/05/2014 528 16/10/2014 694 17/05/2014 786 17/06/2014 585 17/09/2014 815 17/10/2014 82 18/05/2014 489 18/06/2014 743 18/09/2014 827 19/05/2014 593 19/06/2014 659 2/6/2014 535 2/9/2014 640 20/05/2014 647 20/06/2014 806 21/05/2014 745 21/06/2014 555 21/09/2014 484 22/05/2014 668 22/06/2014 651 23/06/2014 666 23/09/2014 399 24/05/2014 547 24/09/2014 581 25/05/2014 482 25/09/2014 366 26/05/2014 527 26/06/2014 496 26/08/2014 808 26/09/2014 187 27/06/2014 699 27/08/2014 849 28/05/2014 836 28/06/2014 616 29/05/2014 1119 3/5/2014 246 3/6/2014 500 30/05/2014 533 30/08/2014 585 4/7/2014 564 4/9/2014 640 5/5/2014 1282 5/7/2014 459 5/9/2014 1278 6/5/2014 1108 6/7/2014 783 6/9/2014 1086 7/10/2014 532 7/6/2014 556 8/10/2014 627 8/6/2014 548 8/7/2014 640 9/10/2014 615 9/9/2014 1140 Start_time The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 45153 0 The start time for recording 10:05:38 AM 657 10:06:48 AM 1282 10:07:47 AM 745 10:08:37 AM 589 10:10:28 AM 437 10:17:53 AM 482 10:20:08 AM 548 10:22:29 AM 594 10:22:37 AM 544 10:24:50 AM 806 10:31:23 AM 532 10:31:59 AM 547 10:35:19 AM 567 10:40:49 AM 562 10:51:28 AM 524 11:00:04 AM 528 11:12:27 AM 492 11:25:26 AM 527 11:34:53 AM 187 11:37:53 AM 295 11:52:59 AM 401 12:02:31 PM 489 12:10:13 PM 80 12:18:03 PM 62 12:21:16 PM 590 12:36:53 PM 555 12:44:31 PM 484 1:13:34 PM 399 1:25:02 PM 471 1:31:09 PM 60 1:41:56 AM 534 1:43:50 PM 561 1:58:22 PM 556 2:16:16 PM 459 2:34:41 PM 496 5:32:11 PM 271 6:11:16 PM 106 7:18:05 AM 246 7:18:33 AM 849 7:19:12 AM 535 7:19:59 AM 827 7:35:33 AM 694 7:36:24 AM 82 7:39:22 AM 184 7:57:21 AM 815 8:01:09 AM 808 8:02:13 AM 647 8:03:27 AM 564 8:08:07 AM 818 8:08:11 AM 786 8:08:24 AM 640 8:11:24 AM 640 8:14:11 AM 1086 8:17:16 AM 581 8:20:33 AM 1140 8:23:01 AM 699 8:23:54 AM 659 8:25:39 AM 783 8:37:10 AM 616 8:39:53 AM 552 8:41:02 AM 593 8:43:50 AM 666 8:58:24 AM 640 9:00:42 AM 366 9:02:16 AM 743 9:07:07 AM 585 9:13:03 AM 651 9:19:30 AM 668 9:27:05 AM 1278 9:29:49 AM 1134 9:38:02 AM 585 9:41:28 AM 523 9:43:03 AM 559 9:47:31 AM 615 9:49:09 AM 1777 9:53:51 AM 500 Time_sec The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 45153 0 60 256740 18238.827 11507.37 Recording time in seconds Mass [mg/m3] The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 45153 0 4 64800 263.089 1111.727 The mass PM25 levels The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 45153 0 1 20088 81.065 344.658 The PM25 levels Alarms The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 0 0 The alrms Time The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 45153 0 The time Main fuel The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 28306 0 The main fuel used by the household Charcoal 3604 Kerosene 20317 LPG 3852 Sawdust/wood 533 Other fuel The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 3157 0 The other fuel used by the household Kerosene 2608 sawdust/Wood 548 sawdust/wood 1 possibly carried fwd main source of light The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 11365 0 the main source of light in the household Elec 3156 Electricity 6982 Koroboi 642 electricity 585 possibly carried fwd slum The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 45153 0 The slum where the household is located K 15732 V 29421 possibly carried fwd monitor date The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 45153 2014-05-03 2014-10-17 The household monitering date 2014-05-03 246 2014-05-05 1282 2014-05-06 1108 2014-05-11 455 2014-05-12 561 2014-05-13 669 2014-05-14 492 2014-05-15 507 2014-05-16 528 2014-05-17 786 2014-05-18 489 2014-05-19 593 2014-05-20 647 2014-05-21 745 2014-05-22 668 2014-05-24 547 2014-05-25 482 2014-05-26 527 2014-05-28 836 2014-05-29 1119 2014-05-30 533 2014-06-01 562 2014-06-02 535 2014-06-03 500 2014-06-07 556 2014-06-08 548 2014-06-10 838 2014-06-11 295 2014-06-12 818 2014-06-13 544 2014-06-14 657 2014-06-15 589 2014-06-17 585 2014-06-18 743 2014-06-19 659 2014-06-20 806 2014-06-21 555 2014-06-22 651 2014-06-23 666 2014-06-26 496 2014-06-27 699 2014-06-28 616 2014-07-04 564 2014-07-05 459 2014-07-06 783 2014-07-08 640 2014-08-26 808 2014-08-27 849 2014-08-30 585 2014-09-02 640 2014-09-04 640 2014-09-05 1278 2014-09-06 1086 2014-09-09 1140 2014-09-10 534 2014-09-17 815 2014-09-18 827 2014-09-21 484 2014-09-23 399 2014-09-24 581 2014-09-25 366 2014-09-26 187 2014-10-07 532 2014-10-08 627 2014-10-09 615 2014-10-10 523 2014-10-11 524 2014-10-14 594 2014-10-15 559 2014-10-16 694 2014-10-17 82 monitor time The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 45153 0 6180000 85800000 53048961.531 12567553.719 The household monitering time monitor start time The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 45153 0 6120000 52500000 34097400.66 6721451.607 The household monitering start time monitor end time The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 45153 0 38160000 85800000 72130152.149 6904805.736 possibly carried back Main fuel The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 28306 16847 The main fuel used by the household 1 Charcoal 3604 2 Kerosene 20317 3 LPG 3852 4 Sawdust/wood 533 Sysmiss 16847 Other fuel The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 3157 41996 The other fuel used by the household 1 Kerosene 2608 2 sawdust/Wood 549 3 sawdust/wood 0 Sysmiss 41996 main source of light The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 3798 41355 The main source of light in the household 1 Elec 3156 2 Koroboi 642 Sysmiss 41355 cooking time The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 29421 15732 20 2350 1247.834 586.144 The cooking time meal prep time The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 45153 0 The meal preparation time 1 breakfast-6-10am 7054 2 lunch-11am-2pm 15701 3 dinner-3-9pm 21797 4 sleep-10pm-5am 601 hourly monitoring intervals The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 4484 40669 The hourly monitoring intervals 1 75 2 70 3 69 4 69 5 65 6 65 7 65 8 62 9 51 10 581 11 16 12 10 13 8 14 1 18 2118 19 1159 Sysmiss 40669 monitoring duration The recordings na na na na Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women 45153 0 7.283 19.3 11.203 2.745 The monitoring duration Date of measurement Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 6076 2013-02-14 2013-04-06 The date when the measurement was coducted. 2013-02-14 66 2013-02-15 660 2013-02-16 504 2013-02-17 286 2013-02-19 348 2013-02-20 220 2013-02-28 2824 2013-03-22 1020 2013-04-05 88 2013-04-06 60 Study site:Korogocho=1;Viwandani=2 Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 6076 0 The site where the measurement was coducted from. 1 Korogocho 6076 2 Viwandani 0 The pm2.5 concentration Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 6076 0 2.79 13237 145.052 510.286 The pm2.5 concentration Hours Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 6076 0 Hours 7 448 8 1324 9 1505 10 482 11 180 12 28 15 60 17 633 18 720 19 456 20 240 Minutes Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 6076 0 0 59 31.147 17.337 Minutes lat Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 6076 0 -1.256 -1.247 -1.251 0.00156 The latitudes of the location lon Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 6076 0 36.885 36.893 36.89 0.00201 area Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 6076 0 The exact area in the site where the measurements were taken from 100 60 101 60 102 60 103 60 104 60 105 60 106 60 107 28 90 60 91 60 92 60 93 60 94 60 95 60 96 60 97 60 98 60 99 60 Chief Camp 311 Comboni Ground 460 GTC KAO LA 837 Grogan A 60 Grogan B 180 Grogon A 340 Highridge Baptist 918 Highridge Home 20 Highridge Tumaini 745 Kariobangi A 424 Kariobangi B 60 Kisumu Ndogo 280 Lejomaria 393 location Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 6076 0 The geographical location * 1996 G.T.C 55 GITATHURU 1071 GROGON A 480 GROGON B 60 HDG 23 HIGHRIDGE 1316 KOROGOCHO A 60 KOROGOCHO B 1015 activity Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 6076 0 The activity that was in progress. * 1996 Burning of trash 933 Construction activities 19 Normal activities 1731 Roadside cooking 1397 Date of measurement Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 2844 2013-02-14 2013-04-10 The date when the measurement was coducted. 2013-02-14 120 2013-02-21 654 2013-02-23 180 2013-02-28 352 2013-03-20 168 2013-03-21 180 2013-03-23 290 2013-03-25 60 2013-04-06 120 2013-04-10 720 Study site:Korogocho=1;Viwandani=2 Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 2844 0 The site where the measurement was coducted from. 1 Korogocho 2844 2 Viwandani 0 The pm2.5 concentration Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 2844 0 3.72 694.4 52.387 75.561 The pm2.5 concentration Hours Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 2844 0 Hours 8 520 9 660 11 120 12 350 14 300 17 180 18 300 19 360 20 54 Minutes Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 2844 0 0 59 27.973 17.156 Minutes lat Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 2844 0 -1.314 -1.301 -1.308 0.00362 The latitudes of the location lon Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 2844 0 36.863 36.888 36.877 0.00831 The longitude of the location Site Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 2844 0 The exact area in the site where the measurements were taken from 158 120 159 360 172 60 220 56 223 60 224 60 225 60 226 29 227 29 228 29 229 29 230 29 231 29 232 29 233 29 234 29 235 29 236 60 239 60 240 60 241 60 242 60 243 60 244 60 245 60 246 60 247 60 Donholm 60 Dunlop 120 Jamaica 236 Kingstone 114 Paradise 472 Sinai V010 60 Sinai Viwadani 56 SinaiV010 60 location Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 2844 0 The geographical location * 2192 PARADISE 300 RIVERSIDE 120 112 SOKO MJINGA 120 activity Recordings na na na na Outdoor air data collected from various villages in each of the slum 2844 0 The activity that was in progress. * 2192 Dust 180 Dust and smoke (Trucks) 120 Normal activity 120 Roadside cooking 232