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Kenya Multisite Integrated Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and other Pathogens, KEMIS III

KENYA, 2023
Health and Well-Being (HaW)
Dr. Abdhalah Ziraba
Last modified February 20, 2024 Page views 22017 Documentation in PDF Metadata DDI/XML JSON

Identification

IDNO
DDI-KEN-APHRC-KEMIS3-2023-v1.0
Title
Kenya Multisite Integrated Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and other Pathogens, KEMIS III
Subtitle
KEMIS III
Country
Name Country code
KENYA KEN
Abstract
In the dynamic landscape of COVID-19 pandemic and its implications for global health and well-being, the importance of population surveillance remains undeniably crucial. The ongoing pandemic has underscored the critical need for continuous monitoring, analysis, and understanding of the virus's prevalence and impact on communities. As we navigate the post-peak phases and adapt to new variants, robust surveillance remains paramount for effective public health responses, resource allocation, and policy formulation. Population surveillance serves as a sentinel, allowing health authorities to understand patterns of the virus transmission, identify emerging concerns in uptake of public health interventions, and anticipate potential surges in infections. Surveillance data is instrumental not only in devising targeted interventions but also in fostering adaptability to the ever-changing nature of the virus.

In Kenya, the proactive response to the global COVID-19 pandemic has been orchestrated by the Kenya Ministry of Health, in collaboration with esteemed research institutions such as the KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme (KWTRP), African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research/Centers for Disease Control Kenya (KEMRI-CGHR/CDC Kenya). This concerted effort has resulted in the implementation of SARS-CoV-2 serosurveillance initiatives across diverse populations of interest.

In this collaboration, the utilization of Health and Demographic Surveillance Sites (HDSS) has emerged as a pivotal strategy. These sites, strategically dispersed across Kenya, have proven instrumental in providing insights into the cumulative extent of SARS-CoV-2 infections within the country's general population. The HDSS framework not only serves as a surveillance infrastructure but also as a dynamic platform that enables the collection of context-specific data critical for evidence-based decision-making. By strategically focusing on diverse populations, the serosurveillance efforts have transcended conventional epidemiological boundaries, providing a comprehensive understanding of the virus's impact on various demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic strata.

In this report, we share outcomes of the fourth sero-survey conducted from July to October 2023 among residents of two informal settlements in Nairobi, namely Korogocho and Viwandani. The Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS), run by APHRC, served as the sampling framework from which a random selection of participants was made. Similar surveys were seperately conducted in Kisumu, Kilifi, Siaya, and Kibera area in Nairobi.

Version

Version Date
2023-12-05

Scope

Keywords
Keyword
Serosurveillance
Covid-19 Antibodies

Coverage

Geographic Coverage
National Coverage
Unit of Analysis
This study analyzed data from blood samples and sociodemographic data from individual respondents who are residents of Korogocho and Viwandani.
Universe
The survey covered all the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS) household members, Nairobi

Producers and sponsors

Authoring entity/Primary investigators
Agency Name Affiliation
Dr. Abdhalah Ziraba APHRC
Producers
Name Affiliation Role
Maurine Ng'oda APHRC Research Officer
Salma Musa APHRC Community liason
Joseph Ndung'u APHRC Statistician
Funding Agency/Sponsor
Name Abbreviation Role
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation BMGF Funder
Other Identifications/Acknowledgments
Name Affiliation Role
Korogocho and Viwandani administration Sensitization and community mobilization
Community Koch FM and Rueben FM Sensitization and community mobilization
Residents of Korogocho and Viwandani Study participants
Community field team APHRC Data collection

Sampling

Sampling Procedure
This study was conducted on a randomly selected population of 850 adults and children living within the health and demographic surveillance system area (HDSS) run by APHRC. We used the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS) database as the sampling frame. We collected a single blood sample from each participant (5ml from adults and 2ml from children) and analysed for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. In addition, 10 percent of the sample population was involved in a pilot of the feasibility of dry blood spot (DBS) for serosurveillance.
Deviations from the Sample Design
We did not manage to get all the 850 study participants in the targetted sample as a result of field realities. As a result, we replaced participants that were not found with those with similar sociodemographic characteristics coming from the same geographical locations.
Response Rate
The response rate was 100%

Data Collection

Dates of Data Collection (YYYY/MM/DD)
Start date End date Cycle
2023-07-04 2023-10-08 Round 4
Mode of data collection
Face-to-face [f2f]
Supervision
The data was collected by a team of field staff - including 11 field interviewers, 1 field coordinator, 1 field supervisor, 2 team leaders and 2 lab Techs. This team was coordinated by a reseach officer. Overal oversight for the project was provided by the PI. The Field interviewers were divided into mobilizers (who conducted consenting at household level) and interviewers who conducted interviews at the site office. Lab activities were conducted by the Lab Tech.
Type of Research Instrument
The study used a participants' questionnaire (SARS COV-2 Sero-survey - Questionnaire) to collect information from the participants. The questionnaire was developed in English, and translated to Swahili. Information captured in the questionnaire included:
Sociodemographic information: Participants name, education, religion, age, gender, place of residence.
Health information: Access to prevention services, outmigration and inmigration information, vaccination status of children participants, COVID-19 vaccination, laboratory information including blood sample collection and blood grouping. Data collection was conducted electronicallay. Participants were assigned unique numbers which were used to label blood samples.

Data Processing

Cleaning Operations
There was no data entry because the study questionnaire was uploaded to an online platform. Discrepancies realized in the generated database were resolved through concensus in data review meetings. Consultations were made with the PI and the larger KEMRI team on a needs basis. The tool was programmed into a survey CTO.
Other Processing
The blood Samples were centrifuged and serum separated onsite, stored at -80°C at the main office for transportation to the Kilifi Wellcome Trust Research Program (KWTRP) laboratories for COVID-19 IgM and IgG antibody analysis. Dry blood samples were lso collected using two different approaches including the DBS paper and the mitra device, the filter papers were stored at room temperature and later shipped to the kemri lab for analysis. Mitra samples were stored at -20, and later shipped for analysis.

Data Appraisal

Estimates of Sampling Error
For each HDSS location, the population register was used to select a random sample of residents across all age groups targeting 850 persons in an age-stratified sample as 50 in each 5-year age band between 15-64 years and above and 100 in 5-year band from 0-14 years. This target sample size wouldl yield 300 participants <15 years which would be enough to estimate 1% seroprevalence with a 2% margin of error. It would also give 550 participants in the 15-64-year-age group which would be enough to estimate a seroprevalence of 3-5% with <5% error margin.

Data access

Contact
Name Email URI
African Population and Health Research Center datarequests@aphrc.org www.aphrc.org
Conditions
APHRC data access condition
All non-APHRC staff seeking to use data generated at the Center must obtain written approval to use the data from the Director of Research. This form is developed to assess applications for data use and facilitate responsible sharing of data with external partners/ collaborators/researchers. By entering into this agreement, the undersigned agrees to use these data only for the purpose for which they were obtained and to abide by the conditions outlined below:

1.Data Ownership:
The data remain the property of APHRC; any unauthorized reproduction and sharing of the data is strictly prohibited. The user will, therefore, not release nor permit others to use or release the data to any other person without the written authorization from the Center.

2.Purpose:
The provided data must be used for the purpose specified in the Data Request Form; any other use not specified in the form must receive additional or separate authorization.

3.Respondent Identifiers:
The Center is committed to protecting the identity of the respondents who provide information in its research. All analytical data sets (both qualitative and quantitative) released by the Data Unit MUST are stripped of respondent identifiers to protect the identity of the respondents. By accepting to use APHRC data, the user is pledging that he/she will not, under any circumstance, regenerate the identifiers or permit others to use the data to learn the identity of any individual, household or community included in any data set.

4.Confidentiality pledge:
The user will not use nor permit others to use the data to report any information in the data sets that could identify, directly or by inference, individuals or households.

5.Reporting of errors or inconsistencies:
The user will promptly notify the Head of the Statistics and Survey Unit any errors discovered in the data as soon as the errors are discovered.

6.Publications resulting from APHRC data:
The Center requires external collaborators to work with APHRC staff on all publications resulting from its data. In order to facilitate this, lead authors should send a detailed concept note of the paper (including the background, rationale, data, analytical methods, and preliminary findings) to the Principle Investigator (or Theme Leader) for the project (with a copy to the Director of Research), who will circulate the abstract to concerned researchers for possible expression of interest in participating in the publication as co-authors. Any exception to the involvement of APHRC staff should be approved by the Director of Research, APHRC.

7.Security:
The user will take responsibility for the security of the data by ensuring that the data are used and stored in a secure environment where access is password protected. This will ensure that non-authorized people should not have access to the data.

8.Loss of privilege to use data:
In the event that APHRC determines that the data user is in violation of the conditions for using the data, or if the user wishes to cancel this agreement, the user will destroy the data files provided to him/her. APHRC retains the right to revoke this agreement or informs publishers to withhold publication of any work based wholly or in part on its data if the conditions for using the data are violated.

9.Acknowledgement:
Any work/reports from this data must acknowledge APHRC as the source of these data. For example, the suggested acknowledgement for NUHDSS data is: "This research uses livelihoods data collected under the longitudinal Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS) since 2006. The NUHDSS is carried out by the African Population and Health Research Center in two slums settlements (Korogocho and Viwandani) in Nairobi City."Additionally all funders, the study communities that provided the data, and staff who collected and analyzed or processed the data should be acknowledged.

10.Deposit of Reports/Papers:
The user should submit electronic and paper copies of all publications generated using APHRC data to the Policy Engagement and Communications Department, with copies to the Director of Research.

11.Change of contact details:
The user will promptly inform the Director of Research of any change in your personal details as contained on this data request form.
Citation requirement
Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download

Metadata production

Document ID
DDI-KEN-APHRC-KEMIS3-2023-v1.0
Producers
Name Abbreviation Role
African Population and Health Research Center APHRC Documentation of the DDI
Date of Production
2023-12-05
Document version
Version 1.0