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GENDER, SANITATION, AND QUALITY OF LIFE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS OF KENYA, SanQol

Kenya, 2023
Population Dynamics and Urbanization in Africa (PDAU)
Sheillah Simiyu, Ian Ross
Last modified June 12, 2025 Page views 665 Documentation in PDF Metadata DDI/XML JSON

Identification

IDNO
DDI-KEN-APHRC-SANQOL-2023-V1
Title
GENDER, SANITATION, AND QUALITY OF LIFE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS OF KENYA, SanQol
Subtitle
SanQol
Country
Name Country code
Kenya KEN
Abstract
Background Information: Inadequate sanitation has important consequences for aspects of
quality of life (QoL) beyond infectious disease, including for privacy, safety, and
empowerment. Qualitative evidence suggests that women’s sanitation-related QoL outcomes
are worse than men’s on average, but there is limited quantitative evidence for this
assumption.
Objectives: The aim of the study is to estimate the gap in sanitation-related QoL outcomes
between women and men in representative samples of 600 households in Kenya.
Methods: This cross-sectional study will be conducted in urban and rural areas of Kenya.
Households from 60 different census enumeration areas (EAs) across the country will be
sampled. These households will consist of 600 primary respondents (300 female and 300
male) and 400 secondary respondents of the opposite sex to the primary respondent, and
within the same household. The EAs will be stratified by region and urban/rural distribution.
For target population, the study will use a quota sampling method, applying quotas for sex,
age, and socio-economic status to ensure representation. To estimate the gap between
women and men across households for sanitation-related QoL outcomes, we will regress on
those outcomes for all the observations (n=1,000) (additionally adjusting for clustering at the
household level). The same analyses will be applied in exploring factors associated with any
identified gap, but including a factorial interaction term between the female variable and, in
turn, various possible explanatory factors of interest. To estimate the gap between women
and men within households for sanitation-related QoL outcomes, the analysis will be
restricted to paired observations. Testing of null hypothesis if there is no difference between
pairs of observations (1 male, 1 female) for an outcome within a household will be done and
a variable; which is the difference between the male and female value for a
continuous outcome within household will be generated. This will be followed by
estimating a Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) regressing on while adjusting
for appropriate covariates and clustering at the EA and region level.
Study Outcomes: Quantifying gender disparities in outcomes could support the development
of programmes which are most effective and efficient in reducing those disparities.

Version

Version Date
2024-11-05
Version Notes
N/A

Coverage

Geographic Coverage
National Coverage: households within 60 census enumeration areas in the country, stratified by region and to reflect the national urban/rural breakdown.
Unit of Analysis
Individuals; male/female
Universe
The survey covered household members, women and men aged above 18 years.

Producers and sponsors

Authoring entity/Primary investigators
Agency Name Affiliation
Sheillah Simiyu African Population and Health Research Center
Ian Ross London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Producers
Name Affiliation Role
Blessing Mberu African Population and Health Research Center Provide technical expertise in the implementation of the study in Kenya, participate in dissemination and project related meetings, provide input to the manuscripts, and attend the end of year convening with stakeholdersProvide technical expertise in the implementation of the study in Kenya, participate in dissemination and project related meetings, provide input to the manuscripts, and attend the end of year convening with stakeholders Provide technical expertise in the implementation of the study in Kenya, participate in dissemination and project related meetings, provide input to the manuscripts, and attend the end of year convening with stakeholders Provide technical expertise in the implementation of the study in Kenya, participate in dissemination and project related meetings, provide input to the manuscripts, and attend the end of year convening with stakeholders
Oliver Cumming London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Participate in overall project management meetings, dissemination activities, and writing of dissemination products.
Naomi Njeri Karanja African Population and Health Research Center Research Officer
Bonface Butichi Ingumba African Population and Health Research Center Data Governance Officer
Funding Agency/Sponsor
Name Abbreviation Role
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation BMGF Funder
Other Identifications/Acknowledgments

Sampling

Sampling Procedure
600 primary respondents aged 18+ were sampled from 60 Enumeration Areas (EAs) across Kenya (10 households per EA), representing both urban and rural populations. Of the 600 respondents, half were women and half were men. Where possible, we also interviewed a second individual from the same household, of the opposite sex and as close in age as possible to the primary respondent. The final sample size was approximately 400 man-woman pairs (n=1,000 in total).
Deviations from the Sample Design
N/A
Response Rate
The study achieved its target sample size by interviewing 600 primary respondents and 400 secondary respondents. (100%)
Weighting
For sampling of the 600 primary respondents, applied a sex quota, specifically 5 women and 5 men as primary respondent in each EA. To ensure representation of the target
population we also appied quotas by age and socio-economic status, applying weighting via the random iterative method (RIM), also known as raking.

Data Collection

Dates of Data Collection (YYYY/MM/DD)
Start date End date
2023-12-01 2023-12-22
Mode of data collection
Face-to-face [f2f]
Supervision
Interviewing was conducted by a team of interviewers supervised by Ipsos Kenya team
Type of Research Instrument
A household questionnaire was administered to a male and a female members of a household. Primary male respodents answered 56 questions while most females answered 65 questions due to questions on menstrual hygiene. The second respondents answered 41 questions and there were 14 observation variables answered by field interviewers.

The questionnaire included questions on Socio-economics, Housing & assets, Toilet usually used, Overall wellbeing (OECD), Mental wellbeing (WHO-5), Health (EQ-5D), Sanitation responsibilities, Sanitation & Quality of Life (SanQoL), Menstrual materials and Menstrual Practice Needs Scale (MPNS), Sanitation resources and responsibilities (ARISE), water security (IWISE-4), Disasters, HWF observations, Toilet observations, Other aspects of Sanitation Quality Index (EAWAG),

The questionnaire was developed in English and later translated to swahili.

Data Processing

Cleaning Operations
Data was collected using the Ipsos iField application on android tablets
Other Processing
N/A

Data Appraisal

Estimates of Sampling Error
N/A

Data access

Contact
Name Email URI
African Population and Health Research Center datarequests@aphrc.org/info@aphrc.org aphrc.org
Conditions
APHRC data access condition

All non-APHRC staff seeking to use data generated at the Center must obtain written approval to use the data from the Director of Research.
This form is developed to assess applications for data use and facilitate responsible sharing of data with external partners/collaborators/researchers. By entering into this agreement, the undersigned agrees to use these data only for the purpose for which they were obtained and to abide by the conditions outlined below:

1.Data Ownership:
The data remain the property of APHRC; any unauthorized reproduction and sharing of the data is strictly prohibited. The user will, therefore, not release nor permit others to use or release the data to any other person without the written authorization from the Center.

2.Purpose:
The provided data must be used for the purpose specified in the Data Request Form; any other use not specified in the form must receive additional or separate authorization.

3.Respondent Identifiers:
The Center is committed to protecting the identity of the respondents who provide information in its research. All analytical data sets (both qualitative and quantitative) released by the Data Unit MUST are stripped of respondent identifiers to protect the identity of the respondents. By accepting to use APHRC data, the user is pledging that he/she will not, under any circumstance, regenerate the identifiers or permit others to use the data to learn the identity of any individual, household or community included in any data set.

4.Confidentiality pledge:
The user will not use nor permit others to use the data to report any information in the data sets that could identify, directly or by inference, individuals or households.

5.Reporting of errors or inconsistencies:
The user will promptly notify the Head of the Statistics and Survey Unit any errors discovered in the data as soon as the errors are discovered.

6.Publications resulting from APHRC data:
The Center requires external collaborators to work with APHRC staff on all publications resulting from its data. In order to facilitate this, lead authors should send a detailed concept note of the paper (including the background, rationale, data, analytical methods, and preliminary findings) to the Principle Investigator (or Theme Leader) for the project (with a copy to the Director of Research), who will circulate the abstract to concerned researchers for possible expression of interest in participating in the publication as co-authors. Any exception to the involvement of APHRC staff should be approved by the Director of Research, APHRC.

7.Security:
The user will take responsibility for the security of the data by ensuring that the data are used and stored in a secure environment where access is password protected. This will ensure that non-authorized people should not have access to the data.

8.Loss of privilege to use data:
In the event that APHRC determines that the data user is in violation of the conditions for using the data, or if the user wishes to cancel this agreement, the user will destroy the data files provided to him/her. APHRC retains the right to revoke this agreement or informs publishers to withhold publication of any work based wholly or in part on its data if the conditions for using the data are violated.

9.Acknowledgement:
Any work/reports from this data must acknowledge APHRC as the source of these data. For example, the suggested acknowledgement for NUHDSS data is:
"This research uses livelihoods data collected under the longitudinal Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS) since 2006. The NUHDSS is carried out by the African Population and Health Research Center in two slums settlements (Korogocho and Viwandani) in Nairobi City."Additionally all funders, the study communities that provided the data, and staff who collected and analyzed or processed the data should be acknowledged.

10.Deposit of Reports/Papers:
The user should submit electronic and paper copies of all publications generated using APHRC data to the Policy Engagement and Communications Department, with copies to the Director of Research.

11.Change of contact details:
Citation requirement
Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download

Metadata production

Document ID
DDI-KEN-APHRC-SANQOL-2023-V1
Producers
Name Abbreviation Role
African Population and Health Research Center APHRC Documentation of the DDI
Date of Production
2024-11-05
Document version
Version 1.0