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Population_Dynamics_and_Urbanization_in_Africa

UPHD - Transition to Adulthood

KENYA, 2007 - 2010
Population Dynamics and Urbanization in Africa (PDAU)
African Population and Health Research Center
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Identification

IDNO
APHRC-UPHD-TTA-2008-1.1
Title
UPHD - Transition to Adulthood
Translated Title
ENGLISH
Country
Name Country code
KENYA KEN
Abstract
The Transition To Adulthood (TTA) study is part of a larger project on Urbanization, Poverty and Health Dynamics, that is funded by the Wellcome Trust. The TTA study investigated the inter-linkages between migration, socio-economic status, schooling and initiation of sex; risky behavior (including multiple sexual partnerships, alcohol and drug abuse), and transition to adulthood among the urban poor through a longitudinal set-up The study identified protective and risk factors in the lives of adolescents (aged 12-24 years) growing up in Nairobi's informal settlements and examined how these factors influence adolescents' transition to adulthood. The specific aims of the study were to: a) Identify sexual and reproductive health; livelihood, education and other key concerns and aspirations these young people have as they grow up in urban informal settlements; b) Determine both protective and risk factors that influence adolescents' transition to secondary school, employment, independent housing, sexual and marital partnerships, parenthood as well as the sequencing of these transitions; and c) Investigate the implications of childbearing aspirations for HIV/STI prevention and vice versa, with a particular focus on dual-protection strategies.

The TTA survey was nested in the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS), a longitudinal platform set in 2002 by APHRC to collect and monitor health and demographic data from residents living in the Korogocho and Viwandani slums. The quantitative component of the study commenced in 2007, with 4058 young people between the ages of 12 and 24 interviewed as part of Wave 1 from November 2007 through June 2008. In 2009 and 2010, respondents were re-interviewed in two additional waves (2,674 interviewed in Wave 2 and 1,923 interviewed in Wave 3). During the second and third waves of data collection, attempts were also made to include adolescents who were not traced in the earlier waves. The qualitative component of the study comprised 75 in-depth interviews conducted in November-December 2009 with youth aged 12-24 years in the two slums.
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]

Version

Version Date
2013-06-21
Version Notes
Version 1.1, November 2014. Anonymized with DOI and Recommended Citation added.

Coverage

Geographic Coverage
Two informal settlements, Korogocho and Viwandani, in Nairobi City (the capital city) of Kenya.
Unit of Analysis
Individuals
Universe
The survey covered household adolescents aged 12-24 years

Producers and sponsors

Authoring entity/Primary investigators
Agency Name Affiliation
African Population and Health Research Center APHRC
Producers
Name Role
Eliya Zulu, PhD Principal Investigator
Nyovani Madise, PhD Co-Investigator
Alex Ezeh, PhD Co-Investigator
John Cleland, PhD Co-Investigator
Jane Falkingham, PhD Co-Investigator
Jean-Christophe Fotso, PhD Co-Investigator
Funding Agency/Sponsor
Name Role
Wellcome Trust Funder
Other Identifications/Acknowledgments
Name Role
Residents of Korogocho and Viwandani Slums Subjects study

Sampling

Sampling Procedure
Routine 2007 NUHDSS data were used to randomly select individuals within the households in the study settings. A target sub-sample size (754) was derived using a priori estimates of the proportion of virgin adolescents by age 16. Migration status was also considered to cater for biases from adolescents who grew up in the slums as opposed to those who migrated into the slums. Given the 3-year follow-up and considering an annual attrition rate of 16% in Korogocho and 24% in Viwandani and assuming a 5% level of non response (due to absence, refusal, incapacity, etc.), a sample of 6213 adolescents (2819 in Korogocho and 3394 in Viwandani) was needed to ensure a final sample of 754 individuals per unit of interest (e.g. 12-21 year-old male adolescents in Korogocho). During the first wave (November 2007 - June 2008), 4057 randomly selected adolescents (50% males) aged 12-21 were interviewed at home. This number reflects a 75% response rate of the targeted sample (6124), with respondents in Korogocho being more likely to complete interviews than their counterparts in Viwandani (80% vs. 71%). In Wave 2 62.3% (2,527) of those interviewed in Wave 1 were re-interviewed. An additional 145 respondents were interviewed for the first time in Wave 2.

In-depth interview respondents were purposively selected from participants in the baseline survey conducted in 2007-8 (youn people aged 12-24 years in the two slums). Respondents were selected to represent varying trajectories of experience with regards to the key markers of the transition from adolescence to adulthood.
Deviations from the Sample Design
No deviation.
Response Rate
4058 interviewed and 5506 targeted (Response rate=74%)
Weighting
Individual weights were computed as the inverse probability predicted from a logistic regression for non-reponse at each wave. The weight were normalized so that the total weighted number of households equals the total number of individuals. Individuals were considered as non-responders at each wave if they had not outmigrated or not died by the period of the survey.

Data Collection

Dates of Data Collection (YYYY/MM/DD)
Start date End date Cycle
2007-11 2010-08 All
2007-11 2008-06 1
2009-03 2009-08 2
2010-04 2010-08 3
Mode of data collection
Face-to-face [f2f] - Indepth Interviews
Supervision
Interviewing teams in the two sites of study comprised of:

- Korogocho: 1 field supervisor, 2 editting team leaders, 1 data quality control team leader, 2 data quality control officers, 12 interviewers

- Viwandani: 1 field supervisor, 2 editting team leaders, 1 data quality control team leader, 3 data quality control officers, 17 interviewers



The roles of the various members of the interviewing teams were:

- Interviewer: Conducting face-to-face paper-based interviews in assigned zone within the study site

- Data Quality Control Officer: Performing random spot-checks on 10% of the questionnaires and reporting inconsistencies to the Data Quality Control Team Leader for harmonization

- Data Quality Control Team Leader: Harmonizing inconsistencies within questionnaires and performing a random spot-check on 10% of the 10% questionnaires that have already undergone spot-checking

- Editting Team Leader: Editting 100% of questionnaires from randomly selected field workers and documenting issues emerging during data collection

- Field supervisor: Responsible for overseeing general operations, resolving issues that cannot be harmonized by data quality control and ensuring that field work progressed on schedule. They also

conducted sit-in interviews along with Data Quality Control Team Leader



The Field Co-ordinator, Research Officer and/or Project Managers visited the field and field teams regularly to monitor and review progress and support field operations.
Type of Research Instrument
The study questionnaire included the following sections:



Section 1: Socio-demographic characteristics

Section 2: Parent-child relationships

Section 3: Sibling and other influence (This section was dropped during wave 3)

Section 4: Domestic turbulence and sexual abuse

Section 5: Self-esteem, peer influence, and delinquent behavior (Questions on drug use and depression added in Wave 2)

Section 6: Concerns, aspirations, and expectations or perceived life chances

Section 7: Circumcision

Section 8: Marriage and dating

Section 9: Sexual behavior, contraceptive use, childbearing, and childbearing aspirations

Section 10: HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and HIV testing

Section 11: Attitudes towards sex and contraceptive use (Attitudes to condom use added in Wave 2)

Section 12: Civic participation



In addition, we administered a life history calendar to capture transitions in schooling, independent housing, marital status, sexual intercourse, pregnancy, and income generation. This calendar was administered during the course of the interview. The questionnaire also included a page for field staff to record observations about the interview.



The qualitative interview guide included questions on the following topics:

1. Views about Adulthood

2. Parents and growing up in the family

3. Education, Aspirations and Plans

4. Leisure time and work

5. Family life Living situation and Marriage

6. Romantic relationships and first sex

7. Parenthood

8. Other Challenges including post election violence

Data Processing

Cleaning Operations
Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing, including:

a) Office editing and coding

b) During data entry

c) Structure checking and completeness

d) Secondary editing

e) Structural checking of SPSS data files

Detailed documentation of the editing of data can be found in the "Standard Procedures Manual" document provided as an external resource.



Some corrections are made automatically by the program (80%) and the rest by visual control of the questionnaire (20%).



Where changes are made by the program, a cold deck imputation is preferred; where incorrect values are imputed using existing data from another dataset. If cold deck is found to be insufficient, hot deck imputation is used. In this case, a missing value is imputed from a randomly selected similar record in the same dataset.
Other Processing
Data entry was performed manually at APHRC's headquarters on desktop computers and was done using an in-house built system with a Visual Basic.Net front-end and a Microsoft SQL Server back-end. Double data entry was carried out on 10% of the questionnaires.



Data were processed in clusters, with each cluster being processed as a complete unit through each stage of data processing. Each cluster goes through the following steps:

1) Questionnaire reception

2) Office editing and coding

3) Data entry

4) Structure and completeness checking

5) Verification entry

6) Comparison of verification data

7) Back up of raw data

8) Secondary editing

9) Edited data back up



After all clusters are processed, all data is concatenated together and then the following steps are completed for all data files:

10) Export to STATA 10 in 2 files (migration & employment history, migration & employment calendar)

11) Recoding of variables needed for analysis

13) Structural checking of STATA 10 files

14) Data quality tabulations

15) Production of analysis tabulations



Details of each of these steps can be found in the Standard Procedures Manual.

Data access

Contact
Name Affiliation Email URI
African Population and Health Research Center APHRC info@aphrc.org www.info.org
Conditions
All non-APHRC staff seeking to use data generated at the Center must obtain written approval to use the data from the Director of Research. This form is developed to assess applications for data use and facilitate responsible sharing of data with external partners/collaborators/researchers. By entering into this agreement, the undersigned agrees to use these data only for the purpose for which they were obtained and to abide by the conditions outlined below:

1. Data Ownership: The data remain the property of APHRC; any unauthorized reproduction and sharing of the data is strictly prohibited. The user will, therefore, not release nor permit others to use or release the data to any other person without the written authorization from the Center.

2. Purpose: The provided data must be used for the purpose specified in the Data Request Form; any other use not specified in the form must receive additional or separate authorization.

3. Respondent Identifiers: The Center is committed to protecting the identity of the respondents who provide information in its research. All analytical data sets (both qualitative and quantitative) released by the Data Unit MUST are stripped of respondent identifiers to protect the identity of the respondents. By accepting to use APHRC data, the user is pledging that he/she will not, under any circumstance, regenerate the identifiers or permit others to use the data to learn the identity of any individual, household or community included in any data set.

4. Confidentiality pledge: The user will not use nor permit others to use the data to report any information in the data sets that could identify, directly or by inference, individuals or households.

5. Reporting of errors or inconsistencies: The user will promptly notify the Head of the Statistics and Survey Unit any errors discovered in the data as soon as the errors are discovered.

6. Publications resulting from APHRC data: The Center requires external collaborators to work with APHRC staff on all publications resulting from its data. In order to facilitate this, lead authors should send a detailed concept note of the paper (including the background, rationale, data, analytical methods, and preliminary findings) to the Principle Investigator (or Theme Leader) for the project (with a copy to the Director of Research), who will circulate the abstract to concerned researchers for possible expression of interest in participating in the publication as co-authors. Any exception to the involvement of APHRC staff should be approved by the Director of Research, APHRC.

7. Security: The user will take responsibility for the security of the data by ensuring that the data are used and stored in a secure environment where access is password protected. This will ensure that non-authorized people should not have access to the data.

8. Loss of privilege to use data: In the event that APHRC determines that the data user is in violation of the conditions for using the data, or if the user wishes to cancel this agreement, the user will destroy the data files provided to him/her. APHRC retains the right to revoke this agreement or informs publishers to withhold publication of any work based wholly or in part on its data if the conditions for using the data are violated.

9. Acknowledgement: Any work/reports from this data must acknowledge APHRC as the source of these data. For example, the suggested acknowledgement for NUHDSS data is:

“This research uses livelihoods data collected under the longitudinal Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS) since 2006. The NUHDSS is carried out by the African Population and Health Research Center in two slums settlements (Korogocho and Viwandani) in Nairobi City.”

Additionally all funders, the study communities that provided the data, and staff who collected and analyzed or processed the data should be acknowledged.

10. Deposit of Reports/Papers: The user should submit electronic and paper copies of all publications generated using APHRC data to the Policy Engagement and Communications Department, with copies to the Director of Research.

11. Change of contact details: The user will promptly inform the Director of Research of any change in your personal details as contained on this data request form.
Citation requirement
African Population and Health Research Center, Urbanization, Poverty and Health Dynamics - Transition To Adulthood, March 2011. APHRC, Nairobi - Kenya. doi:11239/176-2007-013-1.1

Contacts

Contact
Name Affiliation Email URI
Head, Statistics and Surveys Unit African Population & Health Research Center datarequests@aphrc.org www.aphrc.org

Metadata production

Document ID
APHRC-UPHD-TTA-2008-1.1
Producers
Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
African Population & Health Research Center APHRC APHRC Metadata Producer
Date of Production
2011-03-30
Document version
Version 1.1