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Population_Dynamics_and_Urbanization_in_Africa

Air Pollution and its effect on mortality and pregnancy outcomes in Nairobi’s slums, na

KENYA, 2014
Population Dynamics and Urbanization in Africa (PDAU)
African Population and Health Research Center
Last modified November 19, 2020 Page views 48052 Documentation in PDF Metadata DDI/XML JSON

Identification

IDNO
DDI-KEN-APHRC-AIRPOLLUTION-2014-v01.
Title
Air Pollution and its effect on mortality and pregnancy outcomes in Nairobi’s slums, na
Subtitle
na
Country
Name Country code
KENYA KEN
Abstract
Air pollution (both outdoor and indoor) is an important public health challenge especially in the developing world where legislation on emissions control is either weak or non-existent. With these countries preparing for industrial take off, outdoor air pollution will continue to remain important as it concerns the health consequences, owing to possibly higher levels of emissions. In these countries, majority of households rely on biomass derived fuels for cooking and heating that have been classified as highly polluting and have been shown to have deleterious effects on human health. Studies have documented the negative effects of both outdoor and indoor air pollution on health; however, there have been very few studies in Africa. The objectives of this study are to assess the perceptions and attitudes of people living in two informal settlements in Nairobi regarding their exposure to air pollution; estimate the effect of indoor air pollution on pregnancy outcomes and model the effect of air pollution on mortality in the two settlements. The study shall use mixed methods approach where a qualitative study will be done to look at the perceptions and attitudes of residents regarding air pollution. In addition to this, a panel study measuring levels of outdoor air pollutants shall be done. This will be done in such a way that seasonal variations are accounted for. To assess the effect of air pollution on pregnancy outcomes, a follow up study of pregnant women will be done and measurements of indoor air pollution levels will be done in their homes. The study is expected to take 12 months.

Version

Version Date
2020-10-05
Version Notes
na

Coverage

Geographic Coverage
Nairobi's slums (Korogocho and Viwandani)
Unit of Analysis
The households.
Universe
Indoor air data covered households with pregnant women while outdoor air data was collected from various villages in each of the slum

Producers and sponsors

Authoring entity/Primary investigators
Agency Name Affiliation
African Population and Health Research Center APHRC
Producers
Name Affiliation Role
Thaddaeus Egondi African Population and Health Research Center To oversee the overall activities of the proposed project and ensure the success of the whole project
Kanyiva Muindi African Population and Health Research Center Conducting the indoor air monitoring alongside the research team in the field. In addition, I will be in charge of quality control which involves visiting the teams and randomly spot-checking their work to ensure it is done ethically and correctly.
Funding Agency/Sponsor
Name
African Population and Health Research Center
Umea University

Sampling

Sampling Procedure
The qualitative study involved a total of eight focus group discussions with men and women living in Korogocho and Viwandani. In addition to this, outdoor air pollution was measured as panel data to ensure seasonal variations are accounted for. This part of the study involved assessment by the measurement team who were carrying the measuring equipment. The study on indoor air pollution and pregnancy outcomes was a prospective study of a cohort of pregnant women recruited during their first or early second trimester. They were followed up until they delivered and the birth weight of the newborn was taken. Measurement of indoor air pollution levels was done and other information on fuel and stove types used in the household collected. The study was nested on an ongoing intervention study following up 600 pregnant women and providing nutritional counseling pre- and post-pregnancy for optimal child health.
Deviations from the Sample Design
na
Response Rate
na
Weighting
na

Data Collection

Dates of Data Collection (YYYY/MM/DD)
Start date End date
2014-05-05 2014-10-17
Mode of data collection
Face-to-face [f2f]
Supervision
The study shall had three teams based on the three components: the qualitative team had two moderators and two note-takers with either taking the role of team leader during the period when the focus groups was convened.

In the outdoor air pollution component, two field staff made up the team and they were supervised by the two investigators who acted as the team leaders.

The indoor air pollution component had two teams each having 8 interviewers and under the leadership of a supervisor. The research assistant on the larger study on which this component is nested provided coordination of the teams. The two investigators overseed the placement and retrieval of IAP monitors as well as uploading of data from the monitors.
Type of Research Instrument
Qualitative guide into the enquiry of people's perceptions of exposure to air pollution
1. Understand the perceptions, attitudes and beliefs of individuals regarding air pollution.
2. Assess the communities' understanding of the health risks associated with air pollution.

Questionnaire on IAP and pregnancy outcomes

Data Processing

Cleaning Operations
Data collection for the quantitative study was done electronically using netbooks. This removed the need for data entry and therefore once data had been collected, the investigators obtained it for cleaning and analysis using Stata software. Descriptive analysis and multivariable regression analysis was applied as appropriate. Qualitative data was transcribed by the investigators and coded and thematic analysis conducted using Nvivo software.
Other Processing
na

Data Appraisal

Estimates of Sampling Error
na

Data access

Contact
Name Affiliation Email URI
Director of Research APHRC info@aphrc.org www.aphrc.org
Conditions
All non-APHRC staff seeking to use data generated at the Center must obtain written approval to use the data from the Director of Research. This form is developed to assess applications for data use and facilitate responsible sharing of data with external partners/collaborators/researchers. By entering into this agreement, the undersigned agrees to use these data only for the purpose for which they were obtained and to abide by the conditions outlined below:
1. Data Ownership: The data remain the property of APHRC; any unauthorized reproduction and sharing of the data is strictly prohibited. The user will, therefore, not release nor permit others to use or release the data to any other person without the written authorization from the Center.
2. Purpose: The provided data must be used for the purpose specified in the Data Request Form; any other use not specified in the form must receive additional or separate authorization.
3. Respondent Identifiers: The Center is committed to protecting the identity of the respondents who provide information in its research. All analytical data sets (both qualitative and quantitative) released by the Data Unit MUST are stripped of respondent identifiers to protect the identity of the respondents. By accepting to use APHRC data, the user is pledging that he/she will not, under any circumstance, regenerate the identifiers or permit others to use the data to learn the identity of any individual, household or community included in any data set.
4. Confidentiality pledge: The user will not use nor permit others to use the data to report any information in the data sets that could identify, directly or by inference, individuals or households.
5. Reporting of errors or inconsistencies: The user will promptly notify the Head of the Statistics and Survey Unit any errors discovered in the data as soon as the errors are discovered.
6. Publications resulting from APHRC data: The Center requires external collaborators to work with APHRC staff on all publications resulting from its data. In order to facilitate this, lead authors should send a detailed concept note of the paper (including the background, rationale, data, analytical methods, and preliminary findings) to the Principle Investigator (or Theme Leader) for the project (with a copy to the Director of Research), who will circulate the abstract to concerned researchers for possible expression of interest in participating in the publication as co-authors. Any exception to the involvement of APHRC staff should be approved by the Director of Research, APHRC.
7. Security: The user will take responsibility for the security of the data by ensuring that the data are used and stored in a secure environment where access is password protected. This will ensure that non-authorized people should not have access to the data.
8. Loss of privilege to use data: In the event that APHRC determines that the data user is in violation of the conditions for using the data, or if the user wishes to cancel this agreement, the user will destroy the data files provided to him/her. APHRC retains the right to revoke this agreement or informs publishers to withhold publication of any work based wholly or in part on its data if the conditions for using the data are violated.
9. Acknowledgement: Any work/reports from this data must acknowledge APHRC as the source of these data. For example, the suggested acknowledgement for NUHDSS data is:
"This research uses livelihoods data collected under the longitudinal Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS) since 2006. The NUHDSS is carried out by the African Population and Health Research Center in two slums settlements (Korogocho and Viwandani) in Nairobi City."
Additionally all funders, the study communities that provided the data, and staff who collected and analyzed or processed the data should be acknowledged.
10. Deposit of Reports/Papers: The user should submit electronic and paper copies of all publications generated using APHRC data to the Policy Engagement and Communications Department, with copies to the Director of Research.
11. Change of contact details: The user will promptly inform the Director of Research of any change in your personal details as contained on this data request form.
Citation requirement
Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download

Metadata production

Document ID
DDI-KEN-APHRC-AIRPOLLUTION-2014-v01.
Producers
Name Abbreviation Role
African Population and Health Research Center APHRC Documentation of the DDI
Date of Production
2020-10-05
Document version
Version 1.0 (October 2020)