DDI-TZA-APHRC-UEG-2023-v01
Access to Quality Education for Children Living in Low-Income Urban Neighborhoods in Tanzania
Education inputs in Tanzania’s urban informal settlements
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Tanzania | TZA |
Other Household Survey [hh/oth]
N/A
Urban education is emerging as a significant topic of discussion in Tanzania and other Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, particularly focusing on the challenges faced by the population residing in impoverished urban areas. Learners from low-income households in urban settings encounter more difficulties in their
educational journey compared to their more privileged counterparts. Tanzania, like many SSA nations, is undergoing substantial urbanization, marked by a notable rise in rural-to-urban migration, projected to reach approximately 55% of the country’s population by 2050.
Understanding the current state of urban education is crucial for developing plans to address the escalating demands of urban education in the future. The study aimed to address these issues through the following research questions:
Schooling patterns:
The findings indicate that 98.1% of children have attended school, with a slightly higher percentage among girls. Among learners with special needs (2.3% of the total), only 10% have received schooling,
revealing an access gap for these vulnerable children. Six out of ten (60%) schools have provisions for learners with special needs, while those without reported inadequate facilities. In the academic year 2022,
the majority of learners in pre-primary, primary, and ordinary level secondary education were enrolled in government schools (79.9%, 87.3%, and 90.6%, respectively).
This underscores significant government control over enrollment spaces for learners from low-income urban households. The primary factor influencing school choice was the cost, suggesting the success of
Tanzania’s free primary and secondary education initiatives. However, among the surveyed schools, the pupil-teacher ratio exceeded the government’s recommended number (40) across all levels. Additionally,
the average class size surpassed 100 learners per class in primary school signaling quality issues.
Perceptions of Right to Education
The right to education is categorized into three sub-themes: policy and strategies, law enforcement, and the school feeding program.
Households: The study analyzes household characteristics, such as size, head of household information, and wealth tertiles.
Individuals (Children): The study focuses on children aged 3-19, specifically looking at their schooling patterns, participation, and characteristics.
Schools: The study includes a school survey, analyzing school facilities, teacher qualifications, pupil-teacher ratios, and other school-level factors.
Community: The study explores the perceptions and roles of community leaders and the community in relation to the right to education.
2023-11-24
N/A
The study examined educational access and quality in urban settings by investigating school participation, attendance, and enrollment trends among children aged 5-17, including those with special needs, while analyzing how demographic and socioeconomic factors of households influenced educational opportunities. It assessed the quality of education through evaluation of school resources, infrastructure, and teacher qualifications, alongside governance structures and quality assurance measures that shaped educational delivery. The research explored how urban poor communities perceived and understood education as a right, including their views on government commitments and parental responsibilities, particularly regarding children with special needs. Additionally, the study investigated parental engagement in children's education, including homework support and school participation, to understand how family involvement intersected with institutional factors to determine educational outcomes for urban children.
Urban informal settlements of Tanzania, specifically in Dar es Salaam and Dodoma
The survey covered households with school going children aged 3 to 19 years in selceted urban informal settlements in Dar esr Salaam and Dodoma
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Moses Ngware | African Population and Health Research Center |
| Wilberforce Meena | Haki Elimu Tanzania |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Nyambura Thiong'o | African Population and Health Research | Co-investigator |
| Maurice Mutisya | African Population and Health Research | Co-investigator |
| Rose Kalage | Haki Elimu Tanzania | Co-investigator |
| John Kalage | Haki Elimu Tanzania | Co-investigator |
| Francis Kiroro | African Population and Health Research | Co-investigator |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| Wellsprings Philanthropic Fund | Funder |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ministry of Education, Sports and Technology | Collaborator | |
| National Bureau of Statistics | Collaborator | |
| Bonface Butichi Ingumba | African Population and Health Research Center | Data Governance Officer |
A sample of 1,200 households and 2,593 children aged 3 to 19 years was randomly selected through proportional allocation by region, ward, street, household head sex and age category.
The initial stage involved the listing of eligible households in the selected informal settlements. The initial criteria used was to ensure the household had at least one child who was aged 3-19 years. The listing exercise adopted a systematic approach: Starting from the furthest point of the enumeration areas, research assistants identified and listed the first eligible households. They would then skip to the fifth household. If the fifth household was not eligible, they would move to the next until they identified an eligible one. As a result, 3,567 households with 7,742 children aged 3-19 years were reached.
Using the data obtained from listing as a sampling frame, a sample of 1,200 households and 2,593 children aged 3 to 19 years was randomly selected through proportional allocation by region, ward, street, household head sex and age category. The household sample size was designed to allow estimation of key schooling indicators. The following indicators were considered in estimating the minimum sample size: enrollment, out of school, and attendance and primary and secondary school intake rates.
We utilised primary school net enrolment rate of 81.33%2 (World Bank 2018) for it gives the highest sample size.Besides, we made the following assumptions i) a design effect of 1.5 ii) average number of people aged between 3 and 19 years per household as two; iii) a 5% level of significance, which corresponds to 1.96 critical value for the standard normal distribution corresponding to a Type I error); and iv) a 5% margin of error respectively. The minimum estimated sample size was 2,389 children aged 3-19 years from 1,195 households after adjusting for a 90% response rate. The sample stratified proportionately between the two study sides based on their population and thereafter, randomly sampled households to participate in the study based on the listing.
The minimum estimated sample size was 2,389 children aged 3-19 years from 1,195 households after adjusting for a 90% response rate.
90%
N/A
Household Questionnaire included household membership and their characteristics , social-economic characteristics, including food security, household shocks, household poverty well-being, and household schedule.
The individual schooling history questionnaire included detailed schooling information about individuals aged between 3 and 19 years, which consist of schooling information (enrolment, type of school enrolled, participation in preschool among others) for the year (2022), and 5 years retrospectively based on the age of the child.
The parental or guardian involment questionnaire helped sought information on parental involvement in their children's schooling including homework support, details of last schooling year(s), parental perception of student schooling experience, feeding and costs of schooling.
The institutional questionnaire contains information on institutional heads, staff and fees.
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2022-10-03 | 2022-10-08 |
Interviewing was conducted by a team of 45 interviewer with street and cell leaders accompanied the interviewers to the households.
Data quality assessments continued during the data collection period by assessing for consistency of the responses as well as comparing data collected by field workers against spot check data collected by the senior research team and field supervisors.
Upon data collection completion, data were rigorously checked for consistency and outliers.
Data cleaning was carried out using Stata v.17.0.
The following assumptions were made i) a design effect of 1.5 ii) average number of people aged between 3 and 19 years per household as two; iii) a 5% level of significance, which corresponds to 1.96 critical value for the standard normal distribution corresponding to a Type I error); and iv) a 5% margin of error respectively.
Therefore, the minimum estimated sample size was 2,389 children aged 3-19 years from 1,195 households after adjusting for a 90% response rate.
| Name | URL | |
|---|---|---|
| African Population and Health Research Center | www.aphrc.org | datarequests@aphrc.org |
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DDI-TZA-APHRC-UEG-2023-v01
| Name | Abbreviation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| African Population and Health Research Center | APHRC | Project Implementation |
| HakiElimu | Project Implementation |
2023-10-15
Version 1.0(October,2023)
