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Understanding resilience in later life in a low resource setting

KENYA, 2015
Population Dynamics and Urbanization in Africa (PDAU)
African Population and Health Research Center
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Identification

IDNO
APHRC-RES-2015-1.01
Title
Understanding resilience in later life in a low resource setting
Country
Name Country code
KENYA KEN
Abstract
Estimates indicate that close to 60% of the urban population in Kenya live in slums and informal settlements. Further, a growing number of migrants are ageing 'in situ', resulting in an increasing number of older people living in slum areas Ageing in these setting can be challenging particularly given the lack of formal support systems. Given this context, this study seeks to better understand resilience among older people in coping with stresses and shocks, and how some are able to adapt, and to emerge with better health and socio-economic outcomes relative to other older people living in the same environment and exposed to the same conditions. A mixed-methods approach that combines secondary analysis of qualitative and quantitatve data was used to compare individuals' exposure to shocks and make causal inferences on factors associated with resilience. For the quantitative arm, longitudinal data from the Nairobi Urban Heath Demographic and Surveillance System (NUHDSS) were used. The data were collected between 2006 and 2009 in two slums of Nairobi (Korogocho and Viwandani) on an APHRC research program titled 'Urbanization, Poverty and Health Dynamics (UPHD). The qualitative arm involved in-depth interviews with a purposive sample drawn from the survey participants. The in-depth interviews seeked to answer how and why individuals emerged as most resilient on the one hand, or the most vulnerable to shocks. The findings highlighted factors which predispose some individuals to be more or less resilient than others. This information is useful for programmes seeking to improve the lives of poor people by enhancing their capabilities and resourcefulness in drawing upon existing capital.

Version

Version Date
2015-04-16
Version Notes
Version 1.0: July 2015. Edited with datasets anonymised.

Coverage

Geographic Coverage
Two informal settlements, Korogocho and Viwandani, in Nairobi City (the capital city) of Kenya.
Unit of Analysis
Individuals
Universe
The study will cover persons recruited in the 2009 UPHD and aged 60 years and above.

Producers and sponsors

Authoring entity/Primary investigators
Agency Name Affiliation
African Population and Health Research Center APHRC
Producers
Name Affiliation Role
Isabella Aboderin, PhD. APHRC Investigator
Funding Agency/Sponsor
Name Abbreviation Role
Economic and Social Research Centre -Department for International Development ESRC-DFID Funder
Other Identifications/Acknowledgments
Name Role
Population of Korogocho and Viwandani Slums Study subjects

Sampling

Sampling Procedure
Sampling for the qualitative investigation in-depth interviews is purposive.

In total, 16 respondents (N=16) were interviewed with the follwing inclusion criteria:

(i) The inclusion of roughly equal numbers of:

- Korogocho and Viwandani respondents

- Males and females

- One key ethnic group in each location

(ii) The selection within each stratum, of individuals with the following characteristics:

- Caring/not caring for grandchildren or foster children

- With/without impaired function

- Living alone/Living with others

- No experience/experience of a 'shock' in 2009/more recently

- Receiving/not receiving long term care

- Receipt/non-receipt of the older persons cash transfer program (OPCTP)

- With/without alcohol problem



For the quantitative survey, a total of 477 prospective respondents were identified on the basis of information drawn from three sources:

- Latest available round DSS data (November 2014) for information on sex, age, ethnic group, living arrangements, participation in 2009 UPHD

- UPHD 2009 data (for information for 2009 on trajectories to, and nature of functional status, care for grand -or foster children, experience of a shock)

- Community informants (for information on experience of recent shock, current care for grand -or foster children, current functional status and receipt of long term care, current alcohol problem/isolation

Data Collection

Dates of Data Collection (YYYY/MM/DD)
Start date End date Cycle
2015-03-18 2015-04-25 Screening
Mode of data collection
Face-to-face [f2f]
Supervision
The project research assistant monitored progress in the field and quality control measures was implemented by the data unit.
Type of Research Instrument
- The screening questionnaire on Understanding Resilience in Later Life in a Low Resource Setting covers demographics, care and support, work history and benefits, older persons cash transfer program, health state descriptions (WHODAS 12 and WHOQoL)functioning assessment, subjective wellbeing and social cultural environment. The questionnaire was administered in Kiswahili to adults aged 60 years and above

Data Processing

Cleaning Operations
Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing, including:

a) Office editing and coding

b) Data entry

c) Structure checking and completeness

d) Secondary editing
Other Processing
Data entry was performed manually at APHRC's headquarters on desktop computers and was done using an in-house built system with a Microsoft Visual Basic and MS SQL softwares.



Data were processed the following steps:



1) Questionnaire reception

2) Office editing and coding

3) Data entry

4) Structure and completeness checking

7) Back up of raw data

8) Export to STATA 10 in files

9) Recoding of variables needed for analysis

10) Structural checking of STATA files

11) Data quality tabulations

12) Production of analysis tabulations

Data access

Contact
Name Affiliation Email URI
African Population and Health Research Center APHRC datarequests@aphrc.org www.aphrc.org
Conditions
All non-APHRC staff seeking to use data generated at the Center must obtain written approval to use the data from the Director of Research. This form is developed to assess applications for data use and facilitate responsible sharing of data with external partners/collaborators/researchers. By entering into this agreement, the undersigned agrees to use these data only for the purpose for which they were obtained and to abide by the conditions outlined below:

1. Data Ownership: The data remain the property of APHRC; any unauthorized reproduction and sharing of the data is strictly prohibited. The user will, therefore, not release nor permit others to use or release the data to any other person without the written authorization from the Center.

2. Purpose: The provided data must be used for the purpose specified in the Data Request Form; any other use not specified in the form must receive additional or separate authorization.

3. Respondent Identifiers: The Center is committed to protecting the identity of the respondents who provide information in its research. All analytical data sets (both qualitative and quantitative) released by the Data Unit MUST are stripped of respondent identifiers to protect the identity of the respondents. By accepting to use APHRC data, the user is pledging that he/she will not, under any circumstance, regenerate the identifiers or permit others to use the data to learn the identity of any individual, household or community included in any data set.

4. Confidentiality pledge: The user will not use nor permit others to use the data to report any information in the data sets that could identify, directly or by inference, individuals or households.

5. Reporting of errors or inconsistencies: The user will promptly notify the Head of the Statistics and Survey Unit any errors discovered in the data as soon as the errors are discovered.

6. Publications resulting from APHRC data: The Center requires external collaborators to work with APHRC staff on all publications resulting from its data. In order to facilitate this, lead authors should send a detailed concept note of the paper (including the background, rationale, data, analytical methods, and preliminary findings) to the Principle Investigator (or Theme Leader) for the project (with a copy to the Director of Research), who will circulate the abstract to concerned researchers for possible expression of interest in participating in the publication as co-authors. Any exception to the involvement of APHRC staff should be approved by the Director of Research, APHRC.

7. Security: The user will take responsibility for the security of the data by ensuring that the data are used and stored in a secure environment where access is password protected. This will ensure that non-authorized people should not have access to the data.

8. Loss of privilege to use data: In the event that APHRC determines that the data user is in violation of the conditions for using the data, or if the user wishes to cancel this agreement, the user will destroy the data files provided to him/her. APHRC retains the right to revoke this agreement or informs publishers to withhold publication of any work based wholly or in part on its data if the conditions for using the data are violated.

9. Acknowledgement: Any work/reports from this data must acknowledge APHRC as the source of these data. For example, the suggested acknowledgement for NUHDSS data is:

"This research uses livelihoods data collected under the longitudinal Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (NUHDSS) since 2006. The NUHDSS is carried out by the African Population and Health Research Center in two slums settlements (Korogocho and Viwandani) in Nairobi City."

Additionally all funders, the study communities that provided the data, and staff who collected and analyzed or processed the data should be acknowledged.

10. Deposit of Reports/Papers: The user should submit electronic and paper copies of all publications generated using APHRC data to the Policy Engagement and Communications Department, with copies to the Director of Research.

11. Change of contact details: The user will promptly inform the Director of Research of any change in your personal details as contained on this data request form.
Citation requirement
African Population and Health Research Center, Understanding resilience in later life in a low resource setting, July 2015. APHRC, Nairobi - Kenya. doi:10.20369/aphrc-030:2015.1.01

Metadata production

Document ID
APHRC-RES-2015-1.01
Producers
Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
African Population and Health Research Center APHRC APHRC Metadata producer
Date of Production
2015-04-16
Document version
Version 1.0